Fidel Castro communist Marxist Leninist dictator retired politician
Republic of Cuba socialist capital capitalist democracy party politics
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Fidel Castro is a Cuban communist revolutionary
and politician, having held the position of Prime Minister of Cuba from
1959 to 1976, and then President from 1976 to 2008. He also served as
the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from the party's
foundation in 1961 until 2011. Politically a Marxist-Leninist, under his
administration the Republic of Cuba was converted into a one-party
socialist state, with industry and business being nationalized under
state ownership and socialist reforms implemented in all areas of
society. On the international stage, he also served as the
Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1979 to 1983 and 2006
to 2008.
Born the illegitimate son of a wealthy farmer, Castro
became involved in leftist anti-imperialist politics while studying law
at the University of Havana. Involving himself in armed rebellions
against right-wing governments in the Dominican Republic and Colombia,
he concluded that the U.S.-backed Cuban President Fulgencio Batista, who
was widely seen as a dictator, had to be overthrown; to this end he led
a failed armed attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953. Imprisoned for a
year, he traveled to Mexico, and with the aid of his brother Raúl
Castro and friend Che Guevara, assembled a group of revolutionaries, the
26th of July Movement. Returning with them to Cuba, he took a key role
in the Cuban Revolution, leading a successful guerrilla war against
Batista's forces, overthrowing him in 1959. Castro subsequently became
Commander in Chief of the armed forces and shortly thereafter became
Prime Minister. The United States was alarmed by his involvement in the
overthrow of Batista and relationship with Soviet Premier Nikita
Khrushchev, implementing an economic blockade of the island. U.S.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower also ordered the Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA) to overthrow him, which they unsuccessfully tried through
multiple assassination attempts and the failed Bay of Pigs invasion of
1961. To counter this threat, Castro forged an economic and military
alliance with the Soviet Union and allowed them to place nuclear weapons
on the island, leading to the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis in
1962.
Adopting Marxism-Leninism as his guiding ideology, in 1961
Castro proclaimed the socialist nature of the Cuban revolution, and in
1965 became First Secretary of the newly founded Communist Party. He
then led the transformation of Cuba into a one-party socialist republic,
nationalizing industry, embarking on the large-scale construction of
housing and infrastructure and introducing free healthcare and
education; the administration also halted the freedom of the press and
suppressed internal dissidents considered to be counter-revolutionaries.
A keen internationalist, Castro introduced Cuban medical brigades who
worked throughout the developing world, and aided foreign revolutionary
socialist groups in the hope of toppling world capitalism, thereby
involving Cuba in the Yom Kippur War, Angolan Civil War and the Ogaden
War. In 1976 he stepped down as Prime Minister to become President of
both the Council of State and Council of Ministers. Following the
collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Castro led Cuba into its economic
"Special Period", before taking the country into the Bolivarian Alliance
for the Americas in 2006 and forging alliances with other nations in
the Latin American "Pink Tide". Amidst failing health, in 2006 Castro
transferred his responsibilities to Vice-President Raúl Castro, who then
became President when Fidel stepped down in 2008.
Castro is a
controversial and highly divisive world figure, being lauded as a
champion of anti-imperialism, humanitarianism, socialism and
environmentalism by his supporters, but his critics have accused him of
being a dictator whose authoritarian administration has overseen
multiple human rights abuses both at home and abroad. A prolific author
on various topics, he has had a significant influence on the politics of
various individuals and groups across the world, including senior
leaders like Nelson Mandela, Hugo Chávez, Evo Morales and others.
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